Characteristics of self-management by patients with complex health needs

Cadre thรฉorique

Cette รฉtude sโ€™inspire de la proposition thรฉorique des tรขches et compรฉtences essentielles dโ€™autogestion de Lorig et Holman (2003). Ce modรจle provient de la discipline infirmiรจre, ce qui le rend dโ€™autant plus pertinent pour ce mรฉmoire. Le concept dโ€™autogestion a รฉtรฉ dรฉcrit comme comportant trois domaines de tรขches dโ€™autogestion, soit la gestion mรฉdicale (la prise de mรฉdicament, le suivi dโ€™un rรฉgime spรฉcial, lโ€™utilisation dโ€™un inhalateur, ect.), la gestion รฉmotionnelle (qui consiste ร  faire face aux sรฉquelles รฉmotionnelles de lโ€™รฉtat chronique) et la gestion de rรดle (oรน la personne doit sโ€™impliquer afin de maintenir, de modifier et de crรฉer de nouveaux comportements) (Lorig & Holman, 2003). Ces mรชmes auteurs ont รฉgalement soulevรฉ, ร  partir dโ€™une revue de la littรฉrature, que lโ€™autogestion requiert six compรฉtences essentielles, soit la mise en action (apprendre ร  poser des actions dans le but de changer un comportement, un รฉtat), la prise de dรฉcisions (prendre des dรฉcisions au quotidien en rรฉponse ร  lโ€™รฉvolution de leur maladie), le dรฉveloppement dโ€™un partenariat patient-intervenant (รชtre en mesure de former un partenariat avec leurs professionnels de la santรฉ), lโ€™auto-adaptation (utiliser les compรฉtences dโ€™autogestion et savoir les appliquer ร  soi-mรชme comme il convient), lโ€™utilisation des ressources (capacitรฉ ร  trouver les bonnes ressources pour les accompagner dans le suivi de leur condition chronique) et la rรฉsolution de problรจme (rรฉussir ร  dรฉfinir le problรจme, ร  gรฉnรฉrer des solutions possibles avec lโ€™aide de la famille et des professionnels de la santรฉ, les mettre en oeuvre et รฉvaluer les rรฉsultats) (Lorig & Holman, 2003). La Figure 1 reprรฉsente le modรจle thรฉorique de lโ€™autogestion de Lorig et Holman (2003).
Cette proposition thรฉorique a servi de cadre de rรฉfรฉrence permettant dโ€™apprรฉhender les diffรฉrents aspects de lโ€™autogestion ร  examiner chez la clientรจle ayant des besoins de santรฉ complexes tant au plan de lโ€™analyse thรฉmatique de la littรฉrature ร  la base de la recension des รฉcrits de ce mรฉmoire quโ€™au plan de la collecte et de lโ€™analyse des donnรฉes empirique auprรจs de cette population.
Pour bien gรฉrer sa maladie, la personne a initialement besoin du soutien des professionnels de la santรฉ (Lorig & Holman, 2003). Ainsi, cette recherche est fort pertinente pour la discipline infirmiรจre puisque selon la dรฉfinition de Pepin, Ducharme et Kerouac (2017) : ยซ La discipline infirmiรจre sโ€™intรฉresse au soin, dans ses diverses expressions, auprรจs des personnes, des familles, des communautรฉs et des populations qui, en interaction continue avec leur environnement, vivent des expรฉriences de santรฉ. ยป (p. 16). En ce sens, pour รชtre en mesure de bien accomplir son rรดle soit; de bien soutenir la personne dans ses besoins dโ€™autogestion, lโ€™infirmiรจre doit bien connaรฎtre les caractรฉristiques de ce concept chez les personnes ayant des besoins de santรฉ complexes. Les infirmiรจres sont des actrices clรฉs dans le soutien ร  lโ€™autogestion et se doivent dโ€™รชtre รฉclairรฉes sur ce concept auprรจs de cette clientรจle spรฉcifique (Association des infirmiรจres et infirmiers autorisรฉs de l’Ontario, 2015).

But de lโ€™รฉtude et question de recherche

Cette รฉtude a pour but de dรฉcrire les particularitรฉs de lโ€™autogestion des personnes ayant des besoins de santรฉ complexes afin dโ€™amรฉliorer les connaissances en sciences infirmiรจres en lien avec le soutien ร  lโ€™autogestion de cette clientรจle. La question de recherche est la suivante : Quelles sont les particularitรฉs de lโ€™autogestion des personnes ayant des besoins de santรฉ complexes ?

Abstract

Objective The management of a complex health issue may lead to important self-management challenges. There is a gap of knowledge among healthcare providers on the ways to offer self-management support to patients with complex needs. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to identify characteristics of self-management among patients with chronic diseases and complex healthcare needs.

Design Thematic analysis review of the literature

Methods We developed search strategies for the Medline and CINAHL databases, covering the January 2000-October 2018 period. All articles in English or French addressing self-management among an adult clientele (18 years and older) with complex
healthcare needs (multimorbidity, vulnerability, complexity, frequent use of health services), were included. Studies that addressed self-management of a single disease, or that did not have any notion of complexity or vulnerability were excluded. A thematic analysis was performed on the results of all articles by three evaluators as described by Miles, Huberman & Saldana (2014).
Results Twenty-one articles were included. Patients with complex healthcare needs present specific features related to self-management that can be exacerbated by deprived socioeconomic conditions. These patients must often prioritize care based on one dominant condition. They are more at risk for depression, psychological distress and low self-efficacy, as well as for receiving contradictory information from healthcare providers. On the other hand, the knowledge and experiences acquired in the past in relation to their condition may help them improve their self-management skills.
Conclusions This review identifies challenges to self-management for patients with complex healthcare needs, which are exacerbated in contexts of socio-economic insecurity, and proposes strategies to help healthcare providers better adapt their self-management support interventions to meet the specific needs of this vulnerable clientele.

Strengths and limitations of this study

– The analysis was conducted using a recognized conceptual model of self-management.
– There is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the definition of patients with complex needs, so we ensured that the selection criteria developed for this study were broad enough to include a range of definitions for complexity.
– A limitation of any review is the potential omission of relevant articles as well as any unpublished material.

Introduction

A great majority of patients who consult the healthcare system worldwide present one or more chronic diseases (Bayliss, Bosworth, et al., 2007). Responsible for 63% of deaths, chronic diseases represent the first cause of mortality in the world (Organisation Mondiale de la Santรฉ, 2017). Characterized by periods of stability and deteriorations, the health condition of people with chronic diseases requires constant attention by the persons who are affected, as well as by those who surround them, in order to manage symptoms and consequences. Persons living with chronic diseases must develop self-management skills.
Self-management has been defined as โ€œthe practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-beingโ€ and โ€œdeveloping the skills needed to devise, implement, evaluate, and revise an individualized plan for lifestyle changeโ€ (Orem, 1991). Self-management incorporates an array of skills that a person must possess in order to take charge of his or her health. Lorig and Holman (Lorig & Holman, 2003) developed a theoretical model for self- management involving three self-management tasks: medical management, emotional management and role management. According to this model, self-management requires six self-management skills in the patient: decision-making, action-planning, development of a patientโ€“provider partnership, self-tailoring, resource utilization, and problem solving.
To date, self-management has mainly been studied in the context of a specific chronic disease, even though the management of a more complex health issue may lead to important self-management challenges (Bardach et al., 2011; Bayliss, Ellis, et al., 2007). Therefore, there is a gap in knowledge on the ways to offer self-management support to patients with complex needs (Sevick et al., 2007). Providers constantly work with this clientele whether it be in hospitals, emergency services, medical clinics, in homecare, etc. Thus, they play an important role in self-management support (Association des infirmiรจres et des infirmiers autorisรฉs de l’Ontario, 2010) . However, the scarcity of knowledge on the specifics of self-management among these complex patients can be detrimental to healthcare providersโ€™ capacity to adequately support and accompany such patients in the self-management of their chronic conditions. Consequently, it is important to increase our understanding of the characteristics of self-management for this clientele, for whom the current norm for care in regards to the management of a single disease may not be appropriate (Bayliss, Bosworth, et al., 2007).
The aim of this paper was to review the literature to identify the characteristics of self- management among patients with chronic diseases and complex healthcare needs.

Methods

Design

A review of the literature including quantitative, qualitative and mixed studies was conducted on papers addressing the self-management of persons with complex healthcare needs. We followed the same synthesis process of the thematic analysis published in 2012 by Hudon et al.

Search methods

We conducted an electronic literature search in the Medline and CINAHL databases, for articles in English and in French published between January 2000 and October 2018. An information specialist developed and ran the specific search strategies for each database. The following MeSH terms and keywords were used: self-care OR self-management OR self-monitoring AND multimorbidity OR comorbidity OR vulnerability OR complex* OR multiple chronic diseases OR multiple chronic conditions OR frequent users OR high users. We also examined articles found in the reference lists of collected articles (hand search).

Data collection

All search results were transferred to the Endnote X7 reference software and duplicates were eliminated. Articles retained had to respect the following criteria: (1) refer to self- management, (2) among a clientele with complex healthcare needs (multimorbidity, vulnerability, complexity, frequent use of health services), and (3) in a population of patients eighteen years and older. One team member (APGL) read all titles and abstracts to exclude articles that were clearly not eligible. We excluded references that did not meet our inclusion criteria and retained all other references for complete evaluation. Two reviewers (APGL and CH or APGL and MCC) independently appraised the full text of the retained papers to identify potentially eligible articles. Discrepancies between the two reviewers regarding the inclusion or exclusion of papers were resolved by the third evaluator.

Analysis and synthesis

A three-stage review and thematic analysis of qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods similar to Hudon et al. (2012) was undertaken (Hudon et al., 2012). First, the literature was reviewed and all selected articles were imported into the NVivo 11 qualitative analysis software. Second, analysis was performed on the results of the articles by three evaluators as described by Miles, Huberman et Saldana (2014) (Miles, Huberman, & Saldana, 2014) with the Lorig and Holman model (three self-management tasks and six self-management skills) as a guide (Lorig & Holman, 2003). Excerpts were extracted from each of the reviewed articles and classified according to the self-management skills and tasks particular to patients with complex care needs. Third, a second reading of the collected excerpts and familiarization with the data allowed for the identification of emergent themes. Pair debriefing, and team validation minimized the influence of researcher subjectivity and preconceptions (Creswell, 2006). This was an iterative process where interpretations of the data extracted from the articles were validated, and where disagreements or questions were discussed and resolved by consensus among the three evaluators.

Results

Included studies

Figure 1 shows the number of references found at each stage of the selection process. The search strategies identified 1192 references, of which 980 were kept after removing duplicates. The majority of these references were rejected because they addressed the self-management of a single disease and did not contain any notion of complexity. References found through hand searching (n = 3) were also included, for a total of 60 potentially eligible references. Sixty papers were read completely. Of these, 38 articles were excluded after the full reading step: 15 did not contain any notion of complexity in the studied population; 11 did not address self-management; 9 did not address the challenges of self-management; 1 was an editorial and 2 articles were on the validation of a measuring tool. A final sample of 22 articles was retained. Table 1 presents the characteristics of the included articles.

Characteristics of self-management by patients with complex health needs

Five main themes emerged that describe the distinctive features of self-management in these patients.

Need for prioritization of self-care. Prioritization of self-care is an important self-management challenge for patients with multiple chronic diseases. When the number of self-care activities or tasks to accomplish surpasses the amount of time available, patients will establish a daily plan around the management of their chronic conditions (Restorick et al., 2017), and must inevitably determine which self-care activities to prioritize. Patients with multimorbidity prioritize self-care activities based on the identification of one dominant condition (Bratzke et al., 2015).
Three types of conditions are more frequently identified as a dominant condition: a poorly controlled condition that tends to cause important exacerbations or negatively affect the control of other conditions, a condition that cannot be controlled solely by medication, or an unstable condition for which it is impossible to anticipate daily self-management needs. The patient is more likely to adopt a self-management strategy if he or she thinks that it will benefit more than one condition (Bayliss, Ellis, et al., 2007; Bower et al., 2013; Leach & Schoenberg, 2008).
Lack of motivation and greater risk for depression. Patients with complex needs may experience less energy, and lack time and motivation to take part in self-management activities (Coventry et al., 2014; Hill et al., 2013). They report feelings of sadness, anger and anxiety related to their illness (Restorick et al., 2017). They are more at risk for depression (Hill et al., 2013). The emotional impact of disease can play an important role in decision-making. A depressive state may give patients the impression that they will never be capable of participating in self-management activities (Bratzke et al., 2015; Morris et al., 2011). Even when patients are committed to adopting healthier lifestyle habits, they admit that depression could delay them from taking action (Coventry et al., 2014; Harrison et al., 2012; Hill et al., 2013). If they focus on their inability to control a situation, patients tend to ruminate on the negative aspects of their health status and sink into emotional distress which prevents them from taking appropriate action when faced with a problem (Leach & Schoenberg, 2008).
Increased risk of presenting poor self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is an important mediator of taking action. Peopleโ€™s beliefs about their own self-efficacy reflect โ€œtheir capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their livesโ€ and determine how they โ€œfeel, think and motivate themselves and behaveโ€ (Bandura, 1994). Patients presenting numerous comorbidities are more at risk of presenting poor self-efficacy (Harrison et al., 2012). A person with low self-efficacy may experience difficulty in taking action to change lifestyle habits or in preventing the exacerbation of symptoms, leading to frequent hospital visits (Gallagher et al., 2008).
Patients living in situations of poverty often perceive that their poor health status is the norm, which greatly limits their motivation to improve their health (Coventry et al., 2014). Patients with multimorbidity living in underprivileged neighborhoods have lower expectations in regard to health and aging than patients from privileged neighborhoods (Coventry et al., 2014). Increased risk of receiving conflicting information. Patients with complex care needs are more at risk of receiving conflicting information on the management of their diseases by the numerous health professionals that they meet (Bayliss, Bosworth, et al., 2007; Liddy et al., 2014; Morris et al., 2011). This can lead to increased anxiety and decreased self-management capacity (Bower et al., 2013).
A personalized evaluation of learning capacity, behavior change and the desire to commit to self-management, as well as regular monitoring, facilitates patient self-management. Initiating too many changes at one time may overload the patient and his or her self-management capacity (Bayliss, Bosworth, et al., 2007; Liddy et al., 2014). Treatment goals should be selected based on patient motivation and willingness to change (Noel et al., 2007).
Opportunity to use personal experience. Complex healthcare needs do not necessarily require a new set of practices for each new diagnosis. Patients with complex care needs can use the knowledge and personal experience acquired in the past and apply them in various situations to better manage their health (Liddy et al., 2014; Morris et al., 2011). However, economic hardship reduces structural and emotional capacity, which may often prevent people living in economically precarious areas from adopting self-management behaviors that have synergistic effects on many of their health issues.

Discussion

This thematic analysis synthetized the theoretical and empirical literature on the characteristics of self-management of patients with complex healthcare needs. This clientele presents additional self-management challenges in regard to: the prioritization of self-care, a greater risk for depression or psychological distress, a greater risk of poor self-efficacy and the risk of receiving conflicting information from healthcare professionals. However, they can rely on their knowledge and previous experience gained in other situations (Coventry et al., 2014).
Liddy et al. (2014), conducted a literature review aiming to explore barriers to self-management through the perspective of patients living with multiple chronic conditions. Of the 21 articles used in our thematic analysis, seven of them were also included in their review. Common themes emerged from both studies, such as contradictory information and high risk for depression. Our analysis also highlights other particularities such as poor self-efficacy, often observed in this clientele, and the fact that patients frequently rely on past experience to adequately take charge of their health.
One of the main challenges of self-management is the prioritization of self-care. Patients with numerous chronic diseases are constantly confronted with having to make choices amongst the care activities to prioritize. Most will identify a dominant disorder on which to focus their efforts (Bratzke et al., 2015). In certain situations, the characteristics of a condition are in conflict with the management of others and the successful management of a condition can hinder the taking in hand of another (Sharry, Bishop, Moss-Morris, & Kendrick, 2013). Patients will more easily accept to engage in self-care activities that they consider beneficial to more than one of their conditions (Bayliss, Ellis, et al., 2007; Bower et al., 2013; Leach & Schoenberg, 2008). Social issues and economic situations will influence how patients prioritize self-care (Bosworth, Powers, & Oddone, 2010). The healthcare provider can explore the reasons that guide this prioritization for a given patient. Interventions may have a greater impact if the healthcare provider takes time to explain the benefits of self-management behaviours for the different conditions facing the patient. Depression and emotional distress may impair self-management by decreasing motivation, prioritization skills and problem-solving. Negative emotions may also decrease self-confidence and self-efficacy (Lin, Burgess Jr, & Carey, 2012) and distress is often present in this vulnerable clientele (Dinkel, Schneider, Schmutzer, Brรคhler, & Hรคuser, 2016; Fortin et al., 2006). Healthcare providers must remain vigilant during their self-management support activities with this clientele, for the quick detection of psychological distress and the treatment of mental health issues.
Patients with complex care needs reported receiving conflicting information from the health professionals they consulted. Between 25% and 80% of patients received contradictory information on their diseases and their management (Elstad, Carpenter, Devellis, & Blalock, 2012). Receiving conflicting information from two sources that the person trusts can complicate self-management (Elstad et al., 2012). In order to help these patients as much as possible, it is important that healthcare providers offer a personalized evaluation of their needs, as well as proper follow-up, and ensure good coordination between their various health professionals (Noel et al., 2007). Healthcare providers can ensure coordination of the information provided by various health professionals involved in the patientโ€™s follow-up.
Although the majority of studies report that complexity is an additional challenge to self-management, the coexistence of many chronic conditions can also become an opportunity to call on past learning experiences (Vellone et al., 2013). The healthcare provider can help the patient become aware of the knowledge and skills gained in the past as well as positive experiences.
Limitations Our study presents some limitations. There is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the definition of patients with complex needs. We ensured that the selection criteria developed for this study were broad enough to include a range of definitions for complexity. A limitation of any review is the potential omission of relevant articles as well as any unpublished material. However, all necessary measures were taken to ensure an exhaustive document review: our search strategy was adapted to various databases and was developed in collaboration with an information specialist. Furthermore, we identified additional papers by hand search.

Conclusions

Patients with complex healthcare needs are confronted with extra challenges with self-management, these being exacerbated in the presence of socioeconomic insecurity. These patients must often prioritize self-care according to one dominant condition. They are more at risk for depression, psychological distress and low self-efficacy, as well as for receiving contradictory information from healthcare providers. On the other hand, their previous experiences may help them improve their self-management skills. Future studies could empirically validate the results of this research and contribute to the understanding of the experience of these patients. Healthcare providers can learn from these results to better adapt their self-management support interventions to meet the specific needs of this vulnerable clientele.

Type dโ€™รฉtude

La recherche qualitative de type descriptive simple (Fortin & Gagnon, 2016) est le devis utilisรฉ pour cette รฉtude. Celle-ci vise ร  dรฉcrire un phรฉnomรจne en particulier; elle fournit de lโ€™information sur les caractรฉristiques, les comportements et les conditions des personnes et elle permet la description dโ€™un concept relatif ร  une population (Fortin & Gagnon, 2016). Cette recherche qualitative descriptive a รฉtรฉ rรฉalisรฉe sous forme exploratoire puisquโ€™il sโ€™agit dโ€™un projet de mรฉmoire et quโ€™une analyse thรฉmatique a รฉgalement รฉtรฉ rรฉalisรฉe prรฉalablement sur le sujet (Gray, Grove, & Suttherland, 2017).
Population cible et รฉchantillon La population cible de cette รฉtude est constituรฉe de toutes les personnes ayant des besoins de santรฉ complexes qui frรฉquentent les services de soins de santรฉ du Quรฉbec. La population accessible est constituรฉe de personnes ayant des besoins de santรฉ complexes qui frรฉquentent les services de soins de santรฉ du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, notamment celle prรฉsentant une grande utilisation des services dโ€™urgence ou dโ€™hospitalisations.
Lโ€™รฉchantillon de 10 participants a รฉtรฉ recrutรฉ ร  partir de la liste de patients ciblรฉs par le Centre intรฉgrรฉ universitaire de santรฉ et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean comme รฉtant de grands utilisateurs des services de soins de santรฉ, selon les critรจres du CIUSSS, soit avec six visites ร  lโ€™urgence et/ou trois hospitalisations ou plus dans une annรฉe, et ร  qui, suite ร  lโ€™รฉvaluation de leur dossier par les gestionnaires de cas du programme de grands utilisateurs du CIUSSS, ont รฉtรฉ jugรฉs admissibles au programme de gestion de cas en raison de la complexitรฉ de leurs besoins. Cela ne constitue pas une population uniforme car, tel quโ€™expliquรฉ dans les chapitres prรฉcรฉdents, la situation de complexitรฉ des besoins de santรฉ dโ€™une personne est tributaire de plusieurs facteurs reliรฉs, ร  la fois, ร  sa condition de santรฉ et ร  dโ€™autres facteurs psychosociaux et รฉconomiques. Nรฉanmoins, il est reconnu dans la littรฉrature que les personnes prรฉsentant une utilisation accrue de services de santรฉ sont reprรฉsentatives dโ€™une population prรฉsentant des besoins de santรฉ complexes (Poremski et al., 2016). Puisque la recherche se dรฉroule dans le cadre dโ€™un projet de maitrise et quโ€™une analyse thรฉmatique de la littรฉrature a รฉgalement รฉtรฉ rรฉalisรฉe et soumise pour publication, nรฉcessitant ainsi un investissement de temps important, il a รฉtรฉ dรฉcidรฉ de limiter lโ€™รฉchantillon ร  10 participants pour pouvoir respecter les รฉchรฉanciers. Cependant, lโ€™รฉquipe de recherche prรฉvoit รฉventuellement poursuivre sa collecte de donnรฉes ร  lโ€™extรฉrieur du cadre du prรฉsent mรฉmoire.
Procรฉdure dโ€™รฉchantillonnage Trouver des participants ayant des besoins de santรฉ complexes pour participer ร  cette รฉtude sโ€™est avรฉrรฉ รชtre un dรฉfi. En ce sens, lโ€™รฉchantillonnage sโ€™est fait par choix raisonnรฉ (Fortin & Gagnon, 2016) ร  partir dโ€™une liste รฉtablie par le CIUSSS du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, des personnes considรฉrรฉes comme des grands utilisateurs des services de soins de santรฉ. Les participants rรฉpondant aux critรจres dโ€™inclusion et dโ€™exclusion ont รฉtรฉ ciblรฉs sur la liste par les gestionnaires de cas (infirmiรจre ou travailleuse sociale) oeuvrant dans le programme de gestion de cas des grands utilisateurs dans lโ€™un des six territoires du CIUSSS, puis ceux-ci demandaient lโ€™autorisation aux personnes ciblรฉes dโ€™รชtre contactรฉes par lโ€™รฉquipe de recherche. Les critรจres dโ€™inclusion รฉtaient les suivants : 1) รชtre รขgรฉ 18 ans ou plus; 2) รชtre sur la liste des grands utilisateurs du CIUSSS du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean; 3) comprendre et sโ€™exprimer en franรงais. Les personnes avec des troubles cognitifs ou des maladies mentales dรฉcompensรฉes รฉtaient exclus. Lโ€™รฉchantillon a รฉtรฉ formรฉ dโ€™hommes et de femmes, et il y a eu une diversitรฉ de profils et de milieux, parmi les participants choisis. Il sโ€™agit dโ€™une population accessible et qui correspond au profil recherchรฉ (Fortin & Gagnon, 2016). Tous les patients qui ont รฉtรฉ rรฉfรฉrรฉs ร  lโ€™รฉtudiante-chercheure par les gestionnaires de cas ont acceptรฉ de participer au projet.

Description de la mรฉthode de collecte de donnรฉes

La collecte de donnรฉes sโ€™est faite sous forme dโ€™entrevue individuelle semi-dirigรฉe. Les participants ont รฉtรฉ rรฉfรฉrรฉs par les gestionnaires de cas du CIUSSS du Saguenay-
Lac-Saint-Jean suite ร  lโ€™accord obtenu de la coordonnatrice rรฉgionale du continuum des soins, puis rejoints par lโ€™รฉtudiante-chercheure. Les entrevues se sont dรฉroulรฉes de mai ร  septembre 2017, elles รฉtaient dโ€™une durรฉe approximative de 45 minutes et ont รฉtรฉ faites par lโ€™รฉtudiante-chercheure. Afin dโ€™รฉlaborer le guide dโ€™entrevue, les questions ont รฉtรฉ dรฉveloppรฉes dans le but dโ€™explorer les trois domaines de tรขches et les six compรฉtences essentielles dโ€™autogestion du modรจle thรฉorique de Lorig et Holman (2003) (voir Appendice A). Les questions du guide dโ€™entrevues ont รฉtรฉ prรฉ-testรฉes et validรฉes auprรจs des deux patients partenaires afin de sโ€™assurer que celles-ci รฉtaient claires et pertinentes. Les entrevues ont eu lieu ร  domicile et dans les locaux du CIUSSS du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, ร  la convenance du participant. Les principaux obstacles lors de la collecte de donnรฉes ont รฉtรฉ la difficultรฉ ร  prรฉvoir un moment pour rencontrer les patients vu leurs nombreuses occupations et rendez-vous mรฉdicales. ร‰galement, la prรฉsence dโ€™un conjoint durant lโ€™une des entrevues a rendu celle-ci plus complexe. Aussi, une fiche signalรฉtique comportant des questions afin de dรฉcrire les caractรฉristiques sociodรฉmographiques des participants รฉtait complรฉtรฉe (voir Appendice B).

Plan dโ€™analyse des donnรฉes

Lโ€™analyse des donnรฉes a รฉtรฉ effectuรฉe ร  lโ€™aide du logiciel NVivo (version 11). Lโ€™analyse a รฉtรฉ rรฉalisรฉe en trois รฉtapes pour toutes les entrevues : 1) condensation des donnรฉes; 2) prรฉsentation des donnรฉes; et 3) formulation et vรฉrification des conclusions (Miles et al., 2014). De plus, lโ€™analyse a รฉtรฉ fait en utilisant un codage mixte tel que dรฉcrit par Miles et al. (2014), en se basant sur les trois domaines de tรขches et les six compรฉtences dโ€™autogestions dรฉfinis dans le modรจle de Lorig et Holman (2003). Toutes les entrevues ont รฉtรฉ codifiรฉes dans le logiciel NVivo. Puis, pour faciliter lโ€™analyse, celle-ci a รฉtรฉ faite sous forme de matrices grรขce ร  ce mรชme logiciel. Un croisement a donc รฉtรฉ crรฉรฉ entre les trois domaines de tรขches et les six compรฉtences dโ€™autogestion du modรจle de Lorig et Holman (2003), permettant ainsi de classer les extraits des transcriptions dโ€™entrevues correspondant ร  chacune des compรฉtences dโ€™autogestion qui comportaient une spรฉcificitรฉ chez la clientรจle ร  lโ€™รฉtude.

Critรจres de rigueur

Pour assurer la fiabilitรฉ, les donnรฉes trouvรฉes pour chaque compรฉtence ont รฉtรฉ revues par la directrice et la co-directrice du mรฉmoire afin de sโ€™assurer que les extraits de transcriptions des entrevues soient classรฉs dans le bon thรจme analytique. Les dรฉsaccords et les questions ont รฉtรฉ discutรฉs et lโ€™analyse a รฉgalement รฉtรฉ validรฉe dans son ensemble par la directrice et la co-directrice du mรฉmoire. Le fait que les entrevues aient toutes รฉtรฉ rรฉalisรฉes par la mรชme personne (lโ€™รฉtudiante-chercheure) a favorisรฉ la crรฉdibilitรฉ. En notant et en enregistrant toutes les transcriptions telles que mentionnรฉes par les participants lors des entrevues dans le logiciel NVivo 11, la confirmabilitรฉ a รฉtรฉ assurรฉe. De plus, la transfรฉrabilitรฉ est รฉgalement respectรฉe puisque les caractรฉristiques des participants sont bien dรฉcrites dans la section rรฉsultats.

Considรฉrations รฉthiques

Cette รฉtude a รฉtรฉ approuvรฉe par le Comitรฉ dโ€™รฉthique de la recherche du CIUSSS du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (voir Appendice C), en vertu de lโ€™entente UQAC et CIUSSS du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean (http://recherche.uqac.ca/entente-uqac-et-csss-de-chicoutimi/). Un consentement libre, รฉclairรฉ et continu a รฉtรฉ obtenu par lโ€™รฉtudiante-chercheure. Le projet de recherche a รฉtรฉ expliquรฉ en profondeur aux participants afin que ceux-ci puissent รฉvaluer convenablement les risques et bรฉnรฉfices de leur participation. Des explications claires et prรฉcises ont รฉtรฉ donnรฉes, dans un langage adaptรฉ, et les participants ont eu tout le temps nรฉcessaire pour lire le formulaire dโ€™information et de consentement (voir Appendice D).

Rรฉsultats

Les caractรฉristiques des participants ainsi que les rรฉsultats obtenus suite ร  lโ€™analyse des entrevues individuelles sont prรฉsentรฉs dans ce chapitre. Les thรจmes gรฉnรฉraux qui ont รฉmergรฉ des entrevues individuelles ont รฉtรฉ regroupรฉs selon les six compรฉtences dโ€™autogestion du modรจle de Lorig et Holman (2003). Pour la prรฉsentation des rรฉsultats, les trois domaines de tรขches du modรจle thรฉorique ont รฉtรฉ intรฉgrรฉs directement dans la description des compรฉtences.

Caractรฉristiques des participants

Au total, dix participants ont รฉtรฉ interviewรฉs. Le Tableau 1 prรฉsente les principales caractรฉristiques des participants. Les participants รฉtaient des personnes ayant des besoins de santรฉ complexes demeurant sur le territoire du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean. Comme la trรจs grande majoritรฉ de la population de cette rรฉgion, tous les participants รฉtaient de nationalitรฉ quรฉbรฉcoise. Sept sur dix รฉtaient des femmes. La moyenne dโ€™รขge รฉtait de 65,4 ans. Six sur dix avaient complรฉtรฉ leurs รฉtudes secondaires. Six sur 10 รฉtaient dรฉclarรฉs invalides en raison de leurs problรจmes de santรฉ. Cinq รฉtaient mariรฉs. Quatre dโ€™entre eux avaient un revenu familial supรฉrieur ร  60 000$, alors que quatre autres avaient un revenu familial infรฉrieur ร  20 000$.

Caractรฉristiques de lโ€™autogestion des participants

Mise en action

Faire des actions pour prendre sa santรฉ en main semble รชtre trรจs ardu pour les participants. Leur quotidien est rempli de tรขches ร  rรฉaliser, mais plusieurs ne semblent malheureusement pas parvenir ร  toutes les accomplir. En effet, certains rapportent se sentir constamment รฉpuisรฉs, fatiguรฉs ou stressรฉs, ce qui leur procure un sentiment dโ€™incapacitรฉ par rapport aux soins quโ€™exigent leurs problรจmes de santรฉ. Bien quโ€™ils connaissent lโ€™importance de bien prendre leur mรฉdication, de bien manger, de faire de lโ€™exercice, bref de suivre leur plan de traitement, chaque soin leur demande beaucoup dโ€™รฉnergie; ils ont souvent beaucoup de difficultรฉs ร  les accomplir.
Non, cโ€™est sรปr que je pourrais mieux mโ€™occuper de moi, mais depuis les Fรชtes, jโ€™ai une faiblesse terrible, je ne suis plus capable.
Oui, je veux marcher, je veux aller mโ€™entrainer, mais je me demande comment je vais faire honnรชtement. Je ne suis pas capable, je suis trop fatiguรฉe.
ร‰tant vulnรฉrables, ces personnes vivent รฉgalement beaucoup de stress et dโ€™inquiรฉtude par rapport aux activitรฉs de soins que requiรจrent leur situation de santรฉ. Elles peuvent mรชme, pour certaines, sombrer dans la dรฉpression lorsquโ€™elles sentent que la planification et la mise en place des actions quโ€™exige lโ€™autogestion de leur maladie prennent trop de place et dรฉpassent leurs compรฉtences.

 

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Table des matiรจres
Liste des tableaux et des figures
Liste des tableaux et des figures
Liste des abrรฉviations et des sigles
Introduction
Chapitre 1 : Problรฉmatique
Problรจme
Cadre thรฉorique
But de lโ€™รฉtude et question de recherche
Chapitre 2 : Recension des รฉcrits
Characteristics of self-management among patients with complex health needs: a thematic analysis review
Abstract
Strengths and limitations of this study
Introduction
Methods
Design
Search methods
Data collection
Analysis and synthesis
Results
Included studies
Characteristics of self-management by patients with complex health needs
Discussion
Limitations
Conclusions
Declarations
Acknowledgements
Authorsโ€™ contributions
Competing interests
Patient consent
Provenance and peer-review
Funding
References
Chapitre 3 : Mรฉthodologie
Type dโ€™รฉtude
Population cible et รฉchantillon
Procรฉdure dโ€™รฉchantillonnage
Description de la mรฉthode de collecte de donnรฉes
Plan dโ€™analyse des donnรฉes
Critรจres de rigueur
Considรฉrations รฉthiques
Chapitre 4 : Rรฉsultatsย 
Caractรฉristiques des participants
Caractรฉristiques de lโ€™autogestion des participants
Mise en action
Prise de dรฉcision
Dรฉveloppement dโ€™un partenariat patient-intervenant
Auto-adaptation
Utilisation des ressources
Rรฉsolution de problรจmes
Synthรจse des principaux rรฉsultats
Chapitre 5 : Discussion
Discussion des rรฉsultats
Modรจle thรฉorique
Forces et limites
ร‰chantillonnage
Collecte de donnรฉes
Analyse des donnรฉes
Retombรฉes attendues
Pour la recherche
Pour la pratique
Pour la formation
Conclusion
Rรฉfรฉrencesย 
Appendice A : Guide dโ€™entrevue
Appendice B : Fiche signalรฉtiqueย 
Appendice C : Approbation รฉthique finalย 
Appendice D : Formulaire dโ€™information et de consentementย 

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